Haiti's History
1. Timeline from Independence to present:
1492- Columbus lands and claims the island of Hispaniola for Spain.
1697- Spanish control ends with the Treaty of Ryswick. But, divided Haiti into French side and Spanish side.
1711-1789 The pearl of the Antilles
1791-1803- Slave rebellion launched by Boukman to a 13-year war.
1804 Haiti becomes independent. Jean Jacques declares himself an emperor.
1807-20- Civil war happened. Divided into the northern kingdom of Henri Christophe and the southern republic governed by Alexandre Pétion.
1818-1843 Pierre Boyer unifies Haiti but excludes black from power.
1821- President Boyer invades Santo Domingo following its declaration of independence from Spain.
1838- France recognizes Haitian independence in exchange for a financial indemnity of 150 million francs. Over the next few decades, Haiti is forced to take out loans of 70 million francs to repay the indemnity and gain international recognition.
1862- The United States finally grants Haiti diplomatic recognition sending Frederick Douglass as its Consular Minister.
1915- the US invades Haiti following black-mulatto friction, which it thought endangered its property and investments in the country.
1934- the U.S withdraws troops from Haiti but maintains fiscal control until 1947.
1956- Voodoo Physician Francios “Papa Doc” Duvalier seizes power from military power. Papa Doc Francois Duvalier was the president from 1957 to 1971. He served as minister of health and labor.
1964- Duvalier declares himself president-for-life and establishes a dictatorship with the help of the Tontons Macoutes militia.
1971- 19-year-old, Jean-Claude, or "Baby Doc", who declares himself, as his father did, president-for-life.
1971-1986- 19years old Baby Doc
1988- Leslie Manigat becomes president and the government is under military’s control.
1990- Jean Bertrand Aristide elected president in Haiti first, free and peaceful polls.
1991- Aristide ousted in a coup led by Brigadier-General Raoul Cedras, triggering sanctions by the US and the Organisation of American States.
1994- Military regime relinquishes power in the face of an imminent US invasion; US forces oversee a transition to a civilian government; Aristide returns.
1995- UN peacekeepers begin to replace US troops; Aristide supporters win parliamentary elections.
1997-99- Serious political deadlock; new government named.
2001 December- 30 armed men try to seize the National Palace in an apparent coup attempt; 12 people are killed in the raid, which the government blames on former army members.
2002 July- Haiti is approved as a full member of the Caribbean Community (Caricom) trade bloc.
2003 April - Voodoo recognized as a religion, on a par with other faiths.
2004 June - First UN peacekeepers arrive, to take over security duties from the US-led force and to help flood survivors.
2004 September - Nearly 3,000 killed in flooding in the north, in the wake of tropical storm Jeanne.
Late 2004- Rising levels of deadly political and gang violence in the capital; armed gangs loyal to former President Aristide are said to be responsible for many killings.
2011 October - President Martelly appoints UN development expert Garry Conille as his prime minister after parliament rejected his two previous nominees.
2012 January - Presidential Martelly proposes reviving Haiti's army, which was disbanded in 1995 because of its role in coups and its history of human rights abuses.
2012 May - Parliament approves Foreign Minister Laurent Lamothe as prime minister.
2. Haiti's fight for and gain of independence:
Jean Jacques proclaimed the independence of Saint-Domingue after his defeat of Napoleon's colonial force, renaming it Haiti after its original Arawak name. In 1791, a slave revolt erupted on the French colony, and Toussaint-Louverture, a former slave, took control of the rebels. Gifted with natural military genius, Toussaint organized an effective guerrilla war against the island’s colonial population. He found able generals in two other former slaves, Dessalines and Henri Christophe, and in 1795 he made peace with revolutionary France following its abolishment of slavery. Toussaint became governor-general of the colony and in 1801 conquered the Spanish portion of the island, freeing the slaves there. In January 1802, an invasion force ordered by Napoleon landed on Saint-Domingue, and after several months of furious fighting, Toussaint agreed to a cease-fire. He retired to his plantation but in 1803 was arrested and taken to a dungeon in the French Alps, where he was tortured and died in April. Soon after Toussaint’s arrest, Napoleon announced his intention to reintroduce slavery on Haiti, and Dessalines led a new revolt against French rule. With the aid of the British, the rebels scored a major victory against the French force there, and on November 9, 1803, colonial authorities surrendered. In 1804, General Dessalines assumed dictatorial power, and Haiti became the second independent nation in the Americas. Later that year, Dessalines proclaimed himself Emperor Jacques I. He was killed putting down a revolt two years later.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/haitian-independence-proclaimed
3. Toussaint L'Ouverture:
Born in 1743, Bréda, near Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue [Haiti]—died April 7, 1803, Fort-de-Joux, France, best-known leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution. He emancipated the slaves and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti), to be governed, briefly, by black former slaves as a French protectorate. He has a nickname "Napoleon Noir". https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toussaint-Louverture
4. Boukman:
1492- Columbus lands and claims the island of Hispaniola for Spain.
1697- Spanish control ends with the Treaty of Ryswick. But, divided Haiti into French side and Spanish side.
1711-1789 The pearl of the Antilles
1791-1803- Slave rebellion launched by Boukman to a 13-year war.
1804 Haiti becomes independent. Jean Jacques declares himself an emperor.
1807-20- Civil war happened. Divided into the northern kingdom of Henri Christophe and the southern republic governed by Alexandre Pétion.
1818-1843 Pierre Boyer unifies Haiti but excludes black from power.
1821- President Boyer invades Santo Domingo following its declaration of independence from Spain.
1838- France recognizes Haitian independence in exchange for a financial indemnity of 150 million francs. Over the next few decades, Haiti is forced to take out loans of 70 million francs to repay the indemnity and gain international recognition.
1862- The United States finally grants Haiti diplomatic recognition sending Frederick Douglass as its Consular Minister.
1915- the US invades Haiti following black-mulatto friction, which it thought endangered its property and investments in the country.
1934- the U.S withdraws troops from Haiti but maintains fiscal control until 1947.
1956- Voodoo Physician Francios “Papa Doc” Duvalier seizes power from military power. Papa Doc Francois Duvalier was the president from 1957 to 1971. He served as minister of health and labor.
1964- Duvalier declares himself president-for-life and establishes a dictatorship with the help of the Tontons Macoutes militia.
1971- 19-year-old, Jean-Claude, or "Baby Doc", who declares himself, as his father did, president-for-life.
1971-1986- 19years old Baby Doc
1988- Leslie Manigat becomes president and the government is under military’s control.
1990- Jean Bertrand Aristide elected president in Haiti first, free and peaceful polls.
1991- Aristide ousted in a coup led by Brigadier-General Raoul Cedras, triggering sanctions by the US and the Organisation of American States.
1994- Military regime relinquishes power in the face of an imminent US invasion; US forces oversee a transition to a civilian government; Aristide returns.
1995- UN peacekeepers begin to replace US troops; Aristide supporters win parliamentary elections.
1997-99- Serious political deadlock; new government named.
2001 December- 30 armed men try to seize the National Palace in an apparent coup attempt; 12 people are killed in the raid, which the government blames on former army members.
2002 July- Haiti is approved as a full member of the Caribbean Community (Caricom) trade bloc.
2003 April - Voodoo recognized as a religion, on a par with other faiths.
2004 June - First UN peacekeepers arrive, to take over security duties from the US-led force and to help flood survivors.
2004 September - Nearly 3,000 killed in flooding in the north, in the wake of tropical storm Jeanne.
Late 2004- Rising levels of deadly political and gang violence in the capital; armed gangs loyal to former President Aristide are said to be responsible for many killings.
2011 October - President Martelly appoints UN development expert Garry Conille as his prime minister after parliament rejected his two previous nominees.
2012 January - Presidential Martelly proposes reviving Haiti's army, which was disbanded in 1995 because of its role in coups and its history of human rights abuses.
2012 May - Parliament approves Foreign Minister Laurent Lamothe as prime minister.
2. Haiti's fight for and gain of independence:
Jean Jacques proclaimed the independence of Saint-Domingue after his defeat of Napoleon's colonial force, renaming it Haiti after its original Arawak name. In 1791, a slave revolt erupted on the French colony, and Toussaint-Louverture, a former slave, took control of the rebels. Gifted with natural military genius, Toussaint organized an effective guerrilla war against the island’s colonial population. He found able generals in two other former slaves, Dessalines and Henri Christophe, and in 1795 he made peace with revolutionary France following its abolishment of slavery. Toussaint became governor-general of the colony and in 1801 conquered the Spanish portion of the island, freeing the slaves there. In January 1802, an invasion force ordered by Napoleon landed on Saint-Domingue, and after several months of furious fighting, Toussaint agreed to a cease-fire. He retired to his plantation but in 1803 was arrested and taken to a dungeon in the French Alps, where he was tortured and died in April. Soon after Toussaint’s arrest, Napoleon announced his intention to reintroduce slavery on Haiti, and Dessalines led a new revolt against French rule. With the aid of the British, the rebels scored a major victory against the French force there, and on November 9, 1803, colonial authorities surrendered. In 1804, General Dessalines assumed dictatorial power, and Haiti became the second independent nation in the Americas. Later that year, Dessalines proclaimed himself Emperor Jacques I. He was killed putting down a revolt two years later.
https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/haitian-independence-proclaimed
3. Toussaint L'Ouverture:
Born in 1743, Bréda, near Cap-Français, Saint-Domingue [Haiti]—died April 7, 1803, Fort-de-Joux, France, best-known leader of the Haitian independence movement during the French Revolution. He emancipated the slaves and negotiated for the French colony on Hispaniola, Saint-Domingue (later Haiti), to be governed, briefly, by black former slaves as a French protectorate. He has a nickname "Napoleon Noir". https://www.britannica.com/biography/Toussaint-Louverture
4. Boukman:
Dutty Boukman (Also known as "Boukman Dutty") (died 7 November 1791) was an early leader of the Haitian Revolution, enslaved in Jamaica and later in Haiti. He is considered to have been both a leader of maroons and Vodou houngan (priest). According to some contemporary accounts Boukman alongside Cécile Fatiman, a Vodou mambo, presided over the religious ceremony at Bois Caïman, in August 1791, that served as the catalyst to the 1791 slave revolt which is usually considered the beginning of the Haitian Revolution. Boukman was a key leader of the slave revolt in the Le Cap‑Français region in the north of the colony. He was killed by the French planters and colonial troops on 7 November 1791, just a few months after the beginning of the uprising. The French then publicly displayed Boukman's head in an attempt to dispel the aura of invincibility that Boukman had cultivated. The fact that French authorities had to do this illustrates the impact Boukman made on the views of Haitian people during this time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutty_Boukman
5. 1937, Dominican Massacre:
The parsley massacre (Spanish: el corte "the cutting"; Haitian Creole: kout kouto-a "the stabbing") took place in October 1937 against Haitians living in the Dominican Republic's northwestern frontier and in certain parts of the contiguous Cibao region. Dominican Army troops, who came from different areas of the country, carried out the massacre on the direct orders of the Dominican dictator Rafael Trujillo. Haitian President Élie Lescott the death toll at 12,168; in 1953, the Haitian historian Jean Price-Mars cited 12,136 deaths and 2,419 injuries. In 1975, Joaquín Balaguer, the Dominican Republic's interim Foreign Minister at the time of the massacre, put the number of dead at 17,000. Other estimates compiled by the Dominican historian Bernardo Vega went as high as 35,000. In the spring of 1938 Trujillo ordered a new campaign against Haitians, this time in the southern frontier region. The operation occurred over several months, and thousands were forced to flee. Although known to Dominicans simply as el desalojo (the eviction), this campaign also resulted in hundreds reportedly killed. And unlike in the northern frontier area, some witnesses recalled Dominican civilians cooperating in the killing. The name parsley massacre stems from the use of the word perejil, Spanish for parsley, as a shibboleth to distinguish native speakers from Haitians. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsley_massacre
6. Rafael Trujillo:
A Dominican politician, soldier, and dictator, who ruled the Dominican Republic from February 1930 until his assassination in May 1961. He served as president from 1930 to 1938 and again from 1942 to 1952, ruling for the rest of the time as an unelected military strongman under figurehead presidents.
7. Voodoo Religion:
Vodou, also spelled Voodoo, Voudou, Vodun, or French Vaudou, a religion practiced in Haiti. Vodou is a creolized religion forged by descendants of Dahomean, Kongo, Yoruba, and other African ethnic groups who had been enslaved and brought to colonial Saint-Domingue (as Haiti was known then) and Christianized by Roman Catholic missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries. The word Vodou means “spirit” or “deity” in the Fon language of the African kingdom of Dahomey (now Benin). Vodou, a traditional Afro-Haitian religion, is a worldview encompassing philosophy, medicine, justice, and religion. Its fundamental principle is that everything is spirit. Humans are spirits who inhabit the visible world. The unseen world is populated by lwa (spirits), mystè (mysteries), anvizib (the invisible), zanj (angels), and the spirits of ancestors and the recently deceased. All these spirits are believed to live in a mythic land called Ginen, a cosmic “Africa.” The God of the Christian Bible is understood to be the creator of both the universe and the spirits; the spirits were made by God to help him govern humanity and the natural world. The primary goal and activity of Vodou are to sevi lwa (“serve the spirits”)—to offer prayers and perform various devotional rites directed at God and particular spirits in return for health, protection, and favor. Spirit possession plays an important role in Afro-Haitian religion, as it does in many other world religions. During religious rites, believers sometimes enter a trancelike state in which the devotee may eat and drink, perform stylized dances, give supernaturally inspired advice to people, or perform medical cures or special physical feats; these acts exhibit the incarnate presence of the lwa within the entranced devotee. Vodou ritual activity (e.g., prayer, song, dance, and gesture) is aimed at refining and restoring balance and energy in relationships between people and between people and the spirits of the unseen world.https://www.britannica.com/topic/Vodou
8. Papa Doc:
François Duvalier (14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), also known as Papa Doc, was the President of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. He was elected president in 1957 on a populist and black nationalist platform. After thwarting a military coup d'état in 1958, his regime rapidly became totalitarian. An undercover death squad, the Tonton Macoute, killed indiscriminately and was thought to be so pervasive that Haitians became fearful of expressing dissent even in private. Duvalier further solidified his rule by incorporating elements of Haitian mythology into a personality cult.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François_Duvalier
9. Tonton Macoute:
The Tonton Macoute (Haitian Creole: Tonton Makout) or simply as the Macoute was a special operations unit within the Haitian paramilitary force created in 1959 by dictator François "Papa Doc" Duvalier. In 1970 the militia was renamed the Volontaires de la Sécurité Nationale (VSN, Volunteers of the National Security). Haitians named this force after the Haitian mythological bogeyman, Tonton Macoute ("Uncle Gunnysack"), who kidnaps and punishes unruly children by snaring them in a gunny sack (French: macoute) and carrying them off to be consumed at breakfast. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonton_Macoute
10. Baby Doc:
Jean-Claude Duvalier, nicknamed “Baby Doc” (Haitian Creole: Bebe Dòk) (3 July 1951 – 4 October 2014), was the President of Haiti from 1971 until he was overthrown by a popular uprising in 1986. He succeeded his father François "Papa Doc" Duvalier as the ruler of Haiti after his death in 1971. After assuming power, he introduced cosmetic changes to his father's regime and delegated much authority to his advisors. Thousands of Haitians were killed or tortured, and hundreds of thousands fled the country during his presidency. He maintained a notoriously lavish lifestyle (including a state-sponsored US$ 3 million wedding in 1980) while poverty among his people remained the most widespread of any country in the Western Hemisphere. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Duvalier
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